• Turkiye seeks parliamentary nod for defence agreement; officials say Ankara’s support may be limited to provision of weapons, equipment and intelligence sharing
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uncertain
support → seek → weapons
Pakistan has already ratified treaty; only PM and cabinet’s nod required under Article 90
asserted
nod → ratify → Article
Egypt’s parliament to vote on support for Riyadh on Oct 26
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asserted
parliament → vote → Oct
Pakistan, Turkiye, Qatar and Indonesia expected to sign defence cooperation agreement in Doha today
ANKARA:
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Pakistan → expect → Doha
Turkiye has submitted the Makkah defence pact to parliament for ratification, moving Nato’s second-largest army closer to a formal mutual defence pledge with Riyadh as it continues to face Houthi attacks.
asserted
it → submit → attacks
Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Turkiye signed the Makkah Joint Defence Agreement in August, under which an armed attack on one member is considered an attack on all.
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attack → sign → all
The provision, similar to Nato’s Article 5, refers to Article 51 of the UN Charter, which covers the individual or collective right of states to self-defence against armed attacks.
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which → refer → attacks
All three members have agreed to use “all necessary means” to eliminate threats to one another’s territorial integrity, sovereignty or internationally recognised borders, as per the text seen by Reuters.
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members → agree → Reuters
The agreement will enter into force upon the deposit of the ratification documents with the secretariat in Riyadh, and will remain valid indefinitely.
asserted
agreement → enter → Riyadh
The parties may not withdraw from the agreement for the first 10 years.
uncertain
parties → withdraw → years
While Pakistan has made it clear that ‘collective deterrence measures’ under the trilateral defence agreement are “already in play”, Ankara still requires formal parliamentary ratification for the agreement.
asserted
Ankara → make → agreement
According to official sources, Pakistan follows an executive-led treaty-making system, where the federal government’s ratification is enough for subjects in the federal legislative list.
uncertain
ratification → accord → list
According to Article 90 of the Constitution, “the executive authority of the Federation shall be exercised in the name of the President by the Federal Government, consisting of the Prime Minister and the Federal Ministers, which shall act through the Prime Minister, who shall be the chief executive of the Federation.
uncertain
who → accord → Federation
”
However, under Turkiye’s constitution, separate permission from parliament is required to deploy troops abroad, regardless of any international agreement.
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permission → require → agreement
According to the Reuters news agency, Parliament Speaker Numan Kurtulmus, currently visiting Kyrgyzstan, is expected to refer the agreement to parliament’s foreign affairs commission upon his return, which could debate the agreement as early as Friday.
uncertain
which → accord → Friday
President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s communications director, Burhanettin Duran, said that Turkiye’s recent step marked an important milestone towards the institutionalisation of strategic cooperation between the three nations.
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step → say → nations
“This strategic partnership developed between our countries aims to strengthen collective deterrence, enhance joint capabilities in the defence sector, and safeguard security and stability in our region,” Duran said in a post on X.
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Duran → develop → post
A Turkish official, who spoke to Reuters on the condition of anonymity, said Turkiye’s own contribution was expected to be limited to military equipment, intelligence sharing and weapons systems, adding that no other form of deployment had taken place under the alliance so far.
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form → speak → alliance
Asked how Turkiye could help Saudi Arabia defend against attacks by Yemen’s Houthis, Turkish Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan said that the Makkah Agreement was not an “offensive agreement,” adding that Turkiye would not send troops to another country to carry out attacks on its territory.
uncertain
Turkiye → ask → territory
Although not part of the Makkah alliance, Egypt’s parliament is also expected to vote on authorising potential military support for Saudi Arabia on Oct 26.
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parliament → expect → Oct
Ahead of its submission for parliamentary approval, the contents of the agreement were published in full for the first time by Turkish state broadcaster, TRT Haber.
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contents → publish → broadcaster
Turkiye, which has a robust defence industry, has condemned Houthi attacks on Saudi Arabia, expressed willingness to help meet Riyadh’s military technology needs and agreed to join a Saudi-led coalition to ensure navigational safety in the Red Sea.
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which → have → Sea
The agreement also envisages close cooperation on defence industry, intelligence sharing, logistical support and the fight against “all means of terrorism,” including at the operational level.
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agreement → envisage → level
Meanwhile, TRT World also reported that Turkiye, Qatar, Pakistan and Indonesia are expected to sign a defence industry cooperation memorandum today (Wednesday).
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Turkiye → report → memorandum
The signing will be held in Qatar, which is also expected to announce plans to establish a local defence production hub, the Gulf state’s Minister of State for Defence Affairs Sheikh Saoud bin Abdulrahman Al Thani told the Global Security Forum in Doha on Monday.
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Minister → hold → Monday
Turkish Defence Minister Yasar Guler will travel to Doha for the signing.
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Guler → travel → signing
Interior Minister Mohsin Naqvi, who was also in Doha for the security forum, is expected to represent Pakistan at the signing.
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who → expect → signing
Earlier, Mr Naqvi met with his Qatari counterpart Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, who also commands Qatar’s Internal Security Force (Lekhwiya).
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who → meet → Force
The two discussed the current regional situation and matters concerning regional peace and stability, the state-run APP news agency reported.
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agency → discuss → peace
During their meeting, the two men agreed to expand the security partnership between Pakistan and Qatar.
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men → agree → Pakistan
They also held detailed discussions on expanding cooperation in areas related to internal security.
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They → hold → security
The Aporia
