This case arises from three incidents that occurred on three separate days in March and May of 2024 during demonstrations in front of the Israeli embassy….
uncertain
that → arise → embassy
Ms. Rokhvand and Ms. Barmada were engaged in a multi-month demonstration in front of the Israeli Embassy in Washington, D.C. in protest of Israel's recent military actions in Gaza….
asserted
Rokhvand → engage → Gaza
The protesters used a designated area outside the embassy to set up their display of flags, tents, and signs and to engage in "noise demonstrations," during which they spoke into megaphones, played Palestinian music, or used noise machines.
asserted
they → use → machines
They displayed large signs with messages against Israel's military actions in Gaza, as well as a sign offering earplugs to passersby, along the sidewalk.
asserted
They → display → sidewalk
During his tenure in D.C., Rabbi Herzfeld has been involved in the wider community and worked with other local faith leaders and elected officials.
asserted
Herzfeld → involve → leaders
Rabbi Herzfeld has close relationships with family and friends in Israel and was "devastat[ed]" by the October 7, 2023, Hamas attack on Israel.
asserted
Herzfeld → have → Israel
Rabbi Herzfeld did not know of Ms. Barmada or Ms. Rokhvand before his interactions with them at the Israeli embassy.
asserted
Herzfeld → know → embassy
Likewise, neither Ms. Barmada nor Ms. Rokhvand had heard of or met Rabbi Herzfeld before their interactions with him during the embassy demonstrations.
asserted
Barmada → hear → demonstrations
The first incident occurred in the middle of the day while Ms. Barmada and a few other protesters, not including Ms. Rokhvand, were at the protest site.
asserted
Barmada → occur → site
According to Ms. Barmada, a group of men including Rabbi Herzfeld approached the protest site and began slowly walking through the demonstration and "intensely … looking around."
uncertain
group → accord → demonstration
Ms. Barmada heard Rabbi Herzfeld call her a "Hamas supporter" and a "terrorist" who supported "raping women" and "beheading babies."
asserted
who → hear → babies
Another man in the group called Ms. Barmada a "Nazi bitch" and said that she should "go to the concentration camp."
asserted
she → call → camp
Rabbi Herzfeld began speaking about the protesters, pointing at Ms. Barmada and referring to the protesters as the "wicked people" that "we will defeat."
asserted
we → begin → that
The group of men again approached the protesters and walked back and forth in front of them, during which time Ms. Barmada and Rabbi Herzfeld exchanged a couple of remarks and Rabbi Herzfeld took something out of his pocket and stood near Ms. Barmada with his group.
asserted
Herzfeld → approach → group
Ms. Barmada perceived the interaction to be a threat designed to "intimidate" her.
asserted
interaction → perceive → her
She felt "scared" and "harassed" and that the incident was "violating."
asserted
incident → feel → ?
Rabbi Herzfeld testified that the first incident occurred on a Jewish holy day commemorating the biblical story of Esther, a Queen who saved the Jewish people from annihilation.
asserted
who → testify → annihilation
Rabbi Herzfeld went to the embassy to pray for the hostages held by Hamas in Gaza.
asserted
Herzfeld → go → Gaza
He and a few others arrived to a "surreal scene" of people "shouting all sorts of terrible things."
asserted
people → arrive → things
As the group was walking through the protest, Ms. Barmada spoke into a megaphone and accused the group of "celebrating terror" and being "proud of terrorizing children."
asserted
Barmada → walk → children
Rabbi Herzfeld did not call Ms. Barmada a name and did not ask anyone he was with to do so.
asserted
he → call → anyone
Rabbi Herzfeld had to yell in order to speak to the group he was with, because the protesters spoke into megaphones while Rabbi Herzfeld was speaking.
asserted
Herzfeld → have → megaphones
He spoke about the protesters being akin to the supporters of the king in the story of Esther, because the protesters did not want Israel to defend itself from attacks by Hamas.
asserted
Israel → speak → Hamas
Rabbi Herzfeld took out a prayer book but was "not able to concentrate properly" due to the protesters' noise.
asserted
Herzfeld → take → noise
Rabbi Herzfeld filed a lawsuit against Ms. Rokhvand and Ms. Barmada in federal court related to the first incident, claiming that the protesters had assaulted him and caused him a noise injury.
asserted
protesters → file → injury
He did an interview with Fox News about the lawsuit, during which he characterized the incident as part of a "dangerous trend" of "targeting Jews, attacking Jews."
asserted
he → do → Jews
The press coverage regarding the lawsuit made Ms. Rokhvand "very terrified."
asserted
Rokhvand → regard → lawsuit
Ms. Rokhvand was concerned because her full name had been publicly associated with claims that she was "doing things … against Jewish people which weren't true" on a day that she was not even present at the embassy.
uncertain
she → associate → embassy
Ms. Rokhvand believed that the suit and the resulting press coverage had "put a target on [her] back" as a pro-Palestinian activist.
asserted
suit → believe → activist
The second incident took place over a month later, the day after Ms. Barmada and Ms. Rokhvand were served in Rabbi Herzfeld's federal lawsuit.
asserted
Barmada → take → lawsuit
According to Ms. Barmada, a car approached the protest site, moving very slowly even though no other cars were on the road.
uncertain
cars → accord → road
Ms. Barmada saw a man in the passenger seat staring "intensely" out the window at her with "a very taunting look."
asserted
man → see → look
Ms. Barmada was "alarmed" by the situation and then "felt panicked" once she recognized the man in the car as Rabbi Herzfeld.
asserted
she → feel → Herzfeld
Ms. Rokhvand also saw these things, which made Ms. Rokhvand "very concerned."
asserted
Rokhvand → see → things
Rabbi Herzfeld then rolled down the window of the car with an "eerie smile on his face" and said, "How come you support people raping innocent women?"
asserted
you → roll → women
Rabbi Herzfeld then rolled up his window, and the car continued down the street.
asserted
car → roll → street
The interaction made Ms. Barmada feel like she was being "harassed" and "watched and monitored."
asserted
she → make → ?
According to Rabbi Herzfeld, he did not know that Ms. Barmada or Ms. Rokhvand were at the protest site when he asked his driver to slow down so that he could read the protesters' signs.
uncertain
he → accord → signs
Rabbi Herzfeld never went to the embassy "with the understanding" that either Ms. Barmada or Ms. Rokhvand would be there.
asserted
Barmada → go → understanding
Rabbi Herzfeld asked the protesters if they supported raping innocent women because he had recently watched a movie about the "weaponization of sexual assault" on October 7th.
asserted
he → ask → 7th
…and 35 more, not listed.
The Aporia
