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“Baku delivered 46.4% of Israel’s crude oil in 2025 — 94,000 barrels daily through Ceyhan — even as Ankara banned official trade, while SOCAR acquired a 10% stake in the Tamar gas field.”

“According to the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, the UAE is the primary back door through which sanctioned Iranian goods, dollars, and oil revenues flow into the global economy.”

“Under the framework, inbound commercial vessels would navigate exclusively through Iranian territorial waters.”