For many Americans overseas, the scariest day this month is not Halloween, but October 15—the final extended deadline for filing income tax returns with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
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day → file → Service
An estimated 3.3 million U.S. citizens live abroad, although the number is likely an undercount because the government doesn't keep a comprehensive list or require Americans overseas to register their residence.
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government → estimate → residence
Still, American citizens and resident aliens living abroad must pay U.S. income taxes and comply with domestic tax filing requirements, regardless of where they live or work.
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they → live → requirements
They must also complete the dizzying process of reporting any foreign bank accounts, assets, and financial interests in foreign institutions.
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They → complete → institutions
When filing their income tax returns, most Americans living abroad have zero tax liability.
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Americans → file → liability
In its 2025 Annual Report to Congress, the Taxpayer Advocate Service—an independent organization within the IRS that helps people navigate tax problems—found that for Americans overseas, "the percent of individual international tax returns reporting no tax liability is significantly higher than domestic taxpayers."
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percent → help → taxpayers
Yet, the agency reports that the filing process is "complex, overlapping, and punitive."
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process → report → ?
The report says failure to comply results in "harsh and disproportionate penalties…even when taxpayers make good-faith mistakes or owe no U.S. tax."
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taxpayers → say → tax
The U.S. income tax rate is low compared to other high-income countries, so Americans living overseas typically pay more in local taxes than they would here.
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they → compare → taxes
Still, Brandon Mitchener, executive director at Tax Fairness for Americans Abroad, tells Reason that Americans living outside the U.S. are often oblivious to their income tax obligations, assuming they're exempt because they already pay taxes in their country of residence.
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they → tell → residence
He says that complex U.S. tax laws and financial regulations force many Americans living overseas to request an extension to October 15.
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laws → say → October
The date also coincides with the final deadline for the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) and the Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR)—regulations that require Americans with foreign financial assets above a certain threshold to declare the value of their assets to the IRS or Treasury Department.
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that → coincide → IRS
Under FATCA, Americans living overseas with foreign financial assets exceeding $200,000 at year-end or more than $300,000 at any point during the year must declare their assets when filing their income tax return.
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Americans → live → return
The law also requires foreign financial institutions to report information about U.S. account holders directly to the IRS.
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law → require → IRS
Originally enacted to catch Americans overseas engaged in tax evasion or other criminal financial activity, it has instead made American citizenship an impediment for expatriates looking to save or invest money outside the U.S.
"Because of FATCA, many foreign financial institutions shun American clients," Mitchener says.
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Mitchener → enact → clients
This includes Trade Republic, a German digital bank and online brokerage firm that doesn't accept U.S. citizens living abroad, a category of people it tellingly describes as "FATCA customers."
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it → include → customers
"Some charge a premium for banking-while-American," he adds, while some have "even de-banked American clients."
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some → charge → clients
The latter is a very real concern for Madison Berry, an American living in the Netherlands.
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latter → live → Netherlands
She tells Reason she's "a little bit worried" that her European bank will one day "come back and be like, 'Oh, you're a U.S. citizen.
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you → tell → Reason
We're gonna close your account.'
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We → go → account
"
This "reduces choice and raises the cost and complexity of everyday financial products for Americans abroad, from basic savings accounts to mortgages and retirement savings," Mitchener says, creating problems unique to America and Eritrea, the only two countries that tax citizens living outside their borders.
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that → reduce → borders
Compounding matters, Americans with foreign financial accounts exceeding $10,000 must file an FBAR with the Treasury Department's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, even though the form duplicates much of the same information already reported through FATCA.
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form → compound → FATCA
The reporting requirements make investing or saving money abroad prohibitive for Americans and foreign financial institutions, with foreign banks opting to close existing accounts or outright denying Americans the opportunity to open a bank account, according to a 2019 report by the Government Accountability Office.
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banks → make → Office
Seven years later, little has changed.
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little → change → ?
The IRS itself admits that its systems and functions are "inaccessible to or incompatible with the needs of taxpayers living abroad, creating unnecessary barriers to compliance."
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systems → admit → compliance
Berry says figuring out her tax obligations and reporting requirements has left her "in a financial limbo."
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figuring → say → limbo
"I seriously considered renouncing my U.S. citizenship as part of the process just to make life easier."
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life → consider → process
Several Americans living overseas who spoke to Reason on condition of anonymity said they were also considering renouncing their U.S. citizenship rather than deal with the onerous annual tax filing process.
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they → live → process
One American living in Ireland who owns and operates a U.S.-based business says she uses a remote desktop and virtual private network to access her financial institutions to avoid scrutiny.
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she → live → scrutiny
Another tells Reason she's considering renouncing her citizenship because America's tax system is "predatory in how complicated it is and how much responsibility it puts on ordinary people to figure everything out themselves."
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it → tell → everything
The Aporia
