One report, which analyses data collected by 10 organisations, says, external the protracted crisis in war-torn Gaza has "created conditions in which women and girls face escalating risks of gender-based violence".
asserted
women → analyse → violence
It also warns that there has been a "severe escalation" in the number of early and forced marriage incidents in the second quarter of this year.
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It → warn → year
Both are considered types of gender-based violence (GBV) by the UN.
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Both → consider → UN
Another report presenting testimony from 230 women in crowded displacement camps in Gaza City and Khan Younis, external makes for a grim read, describing the violence they have experienced or witnessed.
Some readers may find some of the details in this report distressing
One displaced woman in a school-turned-shelter in Gaza highlights how rape victims are often married to their rapists to avoid shame and scandal.
uncertain
victims → present → shame
rape cases are discovered in schools, you find weddings and celebrations at the school the next day," she says.
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she → discover → school
Another woman tells how last year, at the time of famine, "a man married off his 14-year-old daughter in exchange for two bags of flour so he and his [other] children could eat".
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he → tell → flour
Six women in different displacement camps shared stories of such exchanges - which would have been unthinkable before the conflict between Israel and Hamas began in 2023.
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conflict → share → 2023
Although data collection to establish actual figures remains tricky, in the second quarter of this year, the UNFPA says the number of reported cases of early and forced marriage had increased by 123% on the first quarter.
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number → establish → quarter
Early or child marriage involved girls aged 12 to 17.
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marriage → involve → girls
"The trends are shocking," says Nestor Owomuhangi, the UNFPA representative to Palestine.
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Owomuhangi → say → Palestine
He says that the extreme circumstances over the past three years - which have seen tens of thousands of people killed, mass destruction and multiple waves of displacement in Gaza - have broken down social structures, so "everything is eroded... there is no system".
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everything → say → structures
While food markets have reopened, many cannot afford the goods on offer, there is still extreme poverty and hunger with reliance on charitable handouts.
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many → reopen → handouts
Nearly all the population of more than two million Gazans have been driven from their homes, leaving most living in squalid tent camps or damaged buildings.
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population → drive → camps
Public services have largely collapsed, and Israeli air strikes have continued despite the ceasefire.
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strikes → collapse → ceasefire
Prior to the war, girls in Gaza outnumbered and outperformed boys at every level of education above primary school.
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girls → outnumber → school
Now, with prolonged school closures, many children have dropped out of education.
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children → prolong → education
Living among strangers, without privacy, in a socially conservative society, there are complaints of heightened sexual harassment and abuse - many families see marrying their daughters as a way to protect them and preserve modesty.
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families → live → modesty
The UNFPA report - based on research carried out in late 2025 and early 2026 - reveals how girls orphaned during the war are especially vulnerable.
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girls → base → war
One woman in a Gaza City camp interviewed for the report says she attended the wedding of two girls from her family, aged just 14 and 15.
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she → interview → family
"Their uncles married them off very young.
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uncles → marry → them
Do you know why?
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you → know → ?
Because their father and mother were martyred, and their uncles wanted to get rid of the responsibility and expenses," the woman said.
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woman → martyr → responsibility
"By God, they don't understand what marriage or life is."
The Women's Affairs Center in Gaza - a Palestinian NGO which works with the UNFPA - and other support groups have documented distressing cases of girls who have been married and suffered abuse, often becoming pregnant.
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who → understand → abuse
They say that those in their early teens are much more likely to have miscarriages and underweight babies than adult women.
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those → say → women
"We see adolescent pregnancies going through the roof because of child marriage," says Owomuhangi.
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Owomuhangi → see → marriage
"A child who is at an age when the body is not fully developed to sustain another body, who is hungry, in unhygienic circumstances, who doesn't know how to take care of the infant, who doesn't even know how to take care of herself, the consequences of that pregnancy are always really, really bad."
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consequences → develop → pregnancy
The UN and most humanitarian organisations categorise marriages of girls under 18 as early marriage.
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UN → categorise → marriage
Even before the war, this was more common among Palestinians in Hamas-run Gaza than it was in the occupied West Bank, but it was declining.
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it → run → Bank
The law in Gaza allows exceptions to the minimum marital age of 17 with parental consent and authorisation by a judge.
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law → allow → judge
Court officials can approve marriage for those as young as 14 years and seven months old, although a local Sharia expert told us that "legal safeguards" had been removed when Islamic courts - which officiate over family matters for Muslims - were closed for a large part of the war.
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which → approve → war
The BBC has been speaking to some families in which bereaved relatives were married.
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relatives → speak → which
Zuhair, who is 25, says his uncles pushed him to marry a 16-year-old girl from his extended family after her father - her sole guardian - was killed in an Israeli air strike.
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father → say → strike
Challenged on why he agreed to go ahead with the plan, he said: "One of the reasons that led me to marry her was that there was no one to take care of her.
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that → challenge → her
"If it were not for the war, she would still be a young girl spoiled by her father.
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she → spoil → father
She would be going to school," Zuhair adds.
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Zuhair → go → school
"She still has a child's mindset, not a mature mindset.
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She → have → mindset
She misses school, her family, friends.
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She → miss → school
She even misses simply sitting at home."
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She → miss → home
A couple says they allowed their 17-year-old son to marry his 16-year-old cousin after their older son and the girl's father were killed.
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son → say → cousin
The teenager is now pregnant so will not return to school.
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teenager → return → school
…and 15 more, not listed.
The Aporia
