After months of oscillating between new bouts of fighting and negotiations, the administration of United States President Donald Trump has reportedly opted for a third option – gradual economic pressure on Tehran.
uncertain
administration → oscillate → Tehran
US Secretary of State Marco Rubio told his Group of Seven (G7) counterparts in Paris on Tuesday that a naval blockade, stringent sanctions and overland border disruptions could continue without a clear endpoint in sight, according to US media.
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blockade → tell → media
He later said that Iran’s economy “continues to collapse” and predicted worsening conditions over the next one to three months.
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economy → say → months
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Momentum → raise → Iran
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Washington → rethink → Israel
Tehran-based economist and market analyst Isaac Saidian said that if the persistent economic siege on Iran brings the country’s oil incomes down to near-zero levels, Tehran will be faced with one of the most difficult challenges in its recent history.
“The issue is not just a decline in foreign currency incomes, but the government’s ability to account for current expenditure, paying salaries and pensions, providing essential goods, preserving the value of the national currency, and preventing budget deficits from turning into a new inflationary wave,” Saidian told Al Jazeera.
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Saidian → base → Jazeera
Iran’s President Masoud Pezeshkian has indicated that the cash-strapped civilian government is preparing to deal with a prolonged economic crisis caused by siege and sanctions, but has admitted that the lingering “no war, no peace” conditions will be harmful.
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conditions → indicate → siege
But the authorities have stressed that there are no prospects of economic collapse.
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authorities → stress → collapse
They have also raised the prospect of “breaking the blockade” if necessary, although it remains unclear by what means.
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it → raise → blockade
In a budget directive on November 3, Pezeshkian’s administration set out two scenarios.
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administration → set → scenarios
The other prediction was an improvement of the situation involving fewer financial and commercial restrictions, including a substantial or complete removal of the blockade.
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prediction → involve → blockade
“The government must prepare for circumstances in which oil revenue reaches zero,” Mohammad Ghasemi, deputy for coordination of planning and budget at Iran’s Plan and Budget Organization, told local media on Monday about a contingency for next year.
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Ghasemi → prepare → year
The US military first imposed a naval blockade of Iran’s southern ports, through which most of the country’s trade passed, on April 13.
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most → impose → April
A memorandum of understanding in June lifted the blockade and allowed some oil and trade to pass through the Strait of Hormuz, but the deal fell apart within weeks.
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deal → lift → weeks
The second blockade has been in place since July 14, as Iran and the US fight for control of the Strait of Hormuz.
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Iran → fight → Hormuz
The US military says it has redirected 147 ships and disabled five while enforcing the blockade.
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it → say → blockade
It also claimed to have destroyed 10 Iranian oil tankers linked to the shadow fleet of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).
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It → claim → Corps
According to the US Treasury, the blockade has led to Iran loading no oil onto vessels since August 25.
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Iran → accord → August
A late October assessment by Kpler said Iran’s oil production had fallen below 2 million barrels a day in the preceding months.
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production → say → months
Iran produced 3.45 million barrels of crude per day in January and 3.59 million in the following month, but Israel and the US’s war on Iran began on February 28.
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war → produce → February
The volume of Iranian crude and condensate floating outside the blockade zone had also fallen from 88.8 million barrels on July 14 to zero in mid-October.
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volume → float → October
Because Chinese buyers generally pay one to two months after discharge, Kpler anticipated crude and condensate receipts potentially drying up around mid-December.
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receipts → pay → December
Around 43 million barrels remain stranded inside the blockade area.
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barrels → strand → area
The US sanctions have also limited air travel to and from Iran, while a new US task force announced this week aims at closing or disrupting most of Iran’s land borders with its seven neighbours.
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force → limit → neighbours
The Iranian economy has already been dealing with chronic inflation, falling investments and purchasing power, as well as banking and budget imbalances for years.
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economy → deal → years
So removing oil revenues will undoubtedly exacerbate the situation.
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removing → remove → situation
The government has increasingly relied on taxes to account for a larger share of the budget, but oil still accounted for roughly one-third of planned government funding in the 2026–27 budget proposal.
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oil → rely → proposal
Economist Saidian said if oil revenues fall sharply, the government’s next step should be to review public spending.
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step → say → spending
Cutting spending on overlapping administrative structures and opaque budgetary grants, while suspending low-return public investment projects, could ease some of the fiscal pressure on the state, he said.
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he → cut → state
Reforming tax exemptions and tackling tax evasion, as well as carefully managed bond issuance and sale of some non-essential government assets, are other options.
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Reforming → reform → assets
But he cautioned that any abrupt drops in salaries, pensions, or social support budgets would only deepen poverty.
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drops → caution → poverty
The government has signalled that it will likely have to resort to reducing fuel and other energy subsidies again, which will increase prices, but the process will be gradual to lessen the impact on inflation.
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process → signal → inflation
“Expanding non-oil exports and facilitating trade with neighbouring countries are also essential,” Saidian said.
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Saidian → expand → countries
“Even so, these exports cannot be expected to replace oil revenue in the short term, especially while restrictions on banking, insurance and transport remain in place.”
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restrictions → expect → place
Government spokesperson Fatemeh Mohajerani said on Tuesday that next year’s budget would prioritise inflation control through fiscal discipline, household support and tighter oversight of banks.
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budget → say → banks
The administration will continue handing out electronic food coupons, although it has been struggling to preserve their value due to runaway prices.
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it → continue → prices
Year-on-year inflation was at nearly 89 percent in the Iranian calendar month ending October 22, according to the Statistical Center of Iran.
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inflation → end → Iran
Saidian pointed out that no amount of austerity measures or budget reforms can fully replace sustainable access to foreign trade, investment and foreign currency incomes, so exiting inflationary stagnation for a prolonged period would require reduced tensions.
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exiting → point → tensions
“The historical significance of the 2027-28 budget lies in what it can reveal about how prepared Iran’s government is to move beyond an oil-dependent economy and toward transparent, accountable fiscal governance.
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government → lie → governance
The budget should not merely be a plan to manage the government in a difficult year, but a plan to prevent passing on today’s crisis to future generations and to start structural reforms in Iran’s economy,” he said.
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he → manage → economy
…and 2 more, not listed.
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