The late Mozambican president and freedom fighter Samora Machel will be remembered Monday at a joint ceremony by South Africa and Mozambique to mark 40 years since he tragically died in a mysterious plane crash.
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he → remember → crash
The ceremony is set to take place in Mbuzini, an area in South Africa’s Mpumalanga province near the plane crash site.
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ceremony → set → site
Machel was Mozambique’s leader after it gained independence from Portuguese colonial rule in 1975 until his untimely death in 1986.
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it → gain → 1986
His death sent shock waves throughout the continent, where he was an outspoken and revered anti-colonial voice.
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he → send → continent
An inquiry into the cause of the plane crash that killed Machel and 34 other people blamed the pilots, but 40 years after his death there are still questions about what really happened.
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what → kill → death
Here’s what to know about Machel and the mysterious plane crash that killed one of Africa’s leading political figures:
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that → ’ → figures
The mysterious plane crash
On Oct. 18, 1986, Machel was killed alongside some members of his cabinet, journalists and flight crew members when the plane they were traveling in crashed into the Lebombo mountains in the South African area of Mbuzini near the Mozambique and Eswatini border.
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they → kill → border
They were returning from a meeting of regional leaders in Zambia.
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They → return → Zambia
A South Africa-led investigation into the plane crash blamed the pilots for the crash and ruled out any foul play, but Mozambique believed the crash was planned by the South African government to assassinate Machel.
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crash → lead → Machel
Officials and experts from Mozambique and the Soviet Union, where the aircraft was manufactured, rejected the findings of the report.
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aircraft → manufacture → report
Among some of their allegations was that a false beacon had been erected to divert the aircraft in the wrong direction, but this was dismissed by the inquiry.
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this → erect → inquiry
The plane crash was also the subject of the post-apartheid Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa, which did not make any conclusive findings but recommended further investigations.
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which → make → investigations
It did, however, raise some questions about the conclusions reached by the report of the 1987 inquiry, including the alleged presence of South African soldiers in the area of the crash a day before it happened.
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it → raise → crash
Mozambique independence and civil war
Mozambique gained independence from Portuguese colonial rule in 1975 after a decade-long armed struggle by the country’s nationalist movement, FRELIMO, which had waged its liberation war mainly from bases in Tanzania.
Machel became the liberation movement’s main leader after the 1969 death of its then leading figure, Eduardo Mondlane.
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Machel → gain → figure
FRELIMO’s armed struggle gained momentum and by 1974 it was controlling large parts of northern Mozambique while Portugal was struggling to maintain the human and financial toll of its colonial wars that were also taking place in Angola and Guinea-Bissau.
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that → gain → Angola
Following the 1974 overthrow of the dictatorship in Portugal, the new government decided to bring an end to the wars and signed the Lusaka Accord with FRELIMO, putting in place a transitional government and a framework toward independence.
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government → follow → independence
In 1975, Machel was sworn in as the country’s president and declared Mozambique’s independence, establishing a one-party Marxist state.
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Machel → swear → state
However, the celebrations were short-lived as the country was plunged into a civil war between FRELIMO and the rebel movement RENAMO, an anti-communist movement formed after independence and backed by South Africa and the then Rhodesia, two years after independence.
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country → plunge → independence
‘A luta continua’ — the struggle continues
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struggle → continue → ?
While Mozambique had gained its own independence, Machel saw his country’s freedom as incomplete while there was still white minority rule in southern Africa.
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Machel → gain → Africa
He became synonymous with the phrase “A luta continua,” which translates to “the struggle continues,” as he repeatedly chanted it in reference to the liberation struggle against apartheid South Africa and white minority rule in Zimbabwe, then known as Rhodesia.
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he → become → Rhodesia
His support for liberation movements in the region made Mozambique vulnerable to raids and airstrikes by the governments of South Africa and Zimbabwe as they pursued freedom fighters who found refuge in the country.
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who → make → country
Many liberation fighters from South Africa and Zimbabwe were killed during attacks in Mozambique during the time.
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fighters → kill → time
Machel’s government was backed by the Soviet Union and Cuba, and its Marxist-Leninist posture transformed its clashes with RENAMO into a Cold War proxy conflict.
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posture → back → conflict
The Aporia
