Toronto Star
· collected 2026-10-05 · by Stephanie Liechtenstein And Ryan Manzuk The Associated Press
VIENNA (AP) — Air Force Secretary Troy Meink made headlines recently by confirming the United States has deployed weapons in space.
asserted
States → make → space
He did not, however, detail what the weapons were, how they work or if they were targeting other objects in space.
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they → detail → space
It’s not just U.S. efforts regarding space weapons that remain shrouded in mystery.
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that → ’ → mystery
Here’s a look at issues that concern experts:
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that → ’ → experts
What we know about weapons in space
Meink, speaking at a defense conference, said the U.S. has fielded “on-orbit space control weapons capable of defending the Joint Force against hostile adversary action,” referring to U.S. forces.
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U.S. → know → forces
It remains unclear which type of weapon Meink was referencing.
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Meink → remain → weapon
Such resources as the 2026 Global Counterspace Capabilities Report, published by the nonprofit Secure World Foundation and based on publicly available information, help provide an overview of potential space weapons.
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resources → publish → weapons
The report lists five categories of counterspace capabilities.
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report → list → capabilities
It examines systems being developed by 13 countries, among them the U.S., Russia, China, India, Australia, France, Iran, and Israel.
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It → examine → them
These include satellites designed to maneuver near, inspect, disable, or destroy spacecraft.
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These → include → spacecraft
The report also examines ground, air, or sea-launched missile interceptors designed to destroy satellites kinetically.
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report → examine → satellites
Furthermore, the report highlights electronic warfare, such as jamming, in addition to lasers or high-power microwaves meant to blind or damage satellite sensors.
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report → highlight → sensors
The report also lists cyber operations targeting space networks.
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report → list → networks
Victoria Samson, chief director of space security and stability at the foundation, which advocates for the peaceful use of space, said the existence of various satellites and their physical location in orbit is fairly transparent but their capabilities and intended uses are harder to understand.
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capabilities → advocate → orbit
For example, the Vienna-based U.N. Office for Outer Space Affairs supports transparency in space by maintaining a register which links each object to its responsible country.
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which → base → country
States who signed on to a 1976 agreement are required to provide information on launches by governments and private companies as well as the general function of the space object, but are not required to provide details on their purpose.
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who → sign → purpose
As an example of something that could be used for both military and non-military purposes, it became known in 2021 that China had tested a satellite with a robotic arm that can maneuver to a system, grab it, and move it out of orbit.
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that → use → orbit
In 2022, China used such a system for the first time to tow one of its dead satellites out of orbit.
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China → use → orbit
Furthermore, the U.S. warned two years ago that Russia was developing a new space-based, anti-satellite weapon, though the White House said the danger wasn’t imminent at the time.
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danger → warn → time
Then-White House national security spokesman John Kirby declined to comment on whether the weapon was nuclear capable, but did say it would violate the Outer Space Treaty.
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it → decline → Treaty
Russia denied developing such a new capability.
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Russia → deny → capability
The Outer Space Treaty is a product of the Cold War
The Outer Space Treaty is the main international agreement that establishes the rules and norms for how countries explore and use space.
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countries → establish → space
Article IV states that parties “undertake not to place in orbit around the earth any objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction, install such weapons on celestial bodies, or station such weapons in outer space in any other manner.”
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parties → state → manner
The treaty also declares that space is a global commons that can be used for only peaceful purposes.
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that → declare → purposes
The treaty was concluded in 1967 during the Cold War when the U.S. and the Soviet Union were both racing to explore space, and conducted a series of nuclear tests in orbit.
At the time, space looked radically different.
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space → conclude → time
Jonathan McDowell, a retired astronomer from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, has been tracking satellite launches for more than four decades.
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McDowell → track → decades
By the end of 1967, 128 satellites were in orbit and communicating with Earth, according to McDowell.
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satellites → communicate → McDowell
At the time, all satellites were the product of state-backed, public projects.
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satellites → back → projects
This is compared to what McDowell says are approximately 16,810 functioning satellites today — many of which are from companies such as SpaceX’s Starlink network.
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are → compare → network
In 1962, the U.S. exploded a series of atomic bombs in space as part of Operation Fishbowl.
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U.S. → explode → Fishbowl
The first one, the Starfish Prime test, was launched from an atoll southwest of Hawaii.
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one → launch → Hawaii
The explosion caused an artificial radiation belt that destroyed several satellites and partially knocked out street lights and phone lines in Hawaii.
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that → cause → Hawaii
Likewise, the Soviet Union conducted nuclear tests in space as part of Project K between 1961 and 1962.
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Union → conduct → 1961
The tests caused electrical grid failures, disabled phone lines and triggered a fire that destroyed an entire power plant in Kazakhstan.
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that → cause → Kazakhstan
The trials demonstrated the immense risk that atomic explosions in space pose to civilian infrastructure and communication on Earth, prompting the superpowers to seek an agreement that would ban nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction in space.
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that → demonstrate → space
There is a loophole
Analysts argue the treaty fails to address some of the challenges of modern times.
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treaty → be → times
Jessica West, a senior researcher at Project Ploughshares, a Canadian peace and security research institute, said the legal framework governing space needed to be “fundamentally changed.”
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framework → say → space
She said that while the Outer Space Treaty acts like a “constitutional foundation” that remains relevant and applicable, the international community has not done the “hard work” to build a legal structure around the treaty, especially when it comes to improving verification mechanisms for space activities and expanding principles to banning conventional weapons in space.
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it → say → space
Michelle Hanlon, executive director of the Center for Air and Space Law at the University of Mississippi School of Law, agreed, saying there is a “gap” in the treaty when it comes to barring conventional weapons.
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it → agree → weapons
There’s no consensus on what counts as a weapon
International efforts to negotiate a new framework banning all weapons in space have stalled because there is no agreement on what counts as a space weapon, among other things, according to Samson.
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what → ’ → Samson
…and 16 more, not listed.
The Aporia
