Toronto Star
· collected 2026-10-03 · by Fakiha Baig The Canadian Press
EDMONTON - On any given day, says Aengus Bridgman, if you ask a popular artificial intelligence chatbot and a search engine whether taxes in an independent Alberta would be higher, it might say yes.
uncertain
it → give → Alberta
Responses from Google AI Overview and OpenAI’s ChatGPT can change, because data used to predict responses is always changing.
asserted
data → change → responses
”(It’s) not because any of the underlying reality has changed,” said Bridgman, director of Media Ecosystem Observatory.
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Bridgman → ’ → Observatory
In a report released last month, the Ontario-based initiative documented mixed responses to questions about what an independent Alberta could look like.
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Alberta → release → what
“We asked, ‘Will my taxes go up?’ ‘Will my pension go up?’ ‘Is this fiscally advantageous to me?’” Bridgman said.
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Bridgman → ask → me
The report tracks how AI technologies are being harnessed in the online discourse ahead of the Oct. 19 referendum.
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technologies → track → referendum
Albertans are voting on 10 questions, including whether they want to stay in Canada or to have a second, binding referendum on leaving Confederation.
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they → vote → Confederation
The report says the vote is a case study in how AI could influence future elections when it comes to where people get their news.
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people → say → news
“Year over year, online influencers have been accumulating relevance and engagement at the expense of news media and elected officials,” says the report.
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report → accumulate → media
“We now have a case study of what a democratic vote looks like squarely in the influencer era.”
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vote → have → era
Bridgman said social media and AI have vastly expanded debates on separation.
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media → say → separation
“It’s good in terms of a lively democracy.”
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It → ’ → democracy
But, he added, technologies have also made tracking the referendum, and elections generally, more complex.
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tracking → add → referendum
It’s likely because of the maxim: garbage in, garbage out.
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It → ’ → maxim
Elections Alberta says on its website that AI-powered chatbots and search engines are increasingly being used to find and summarize information found online.
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chatbots → say → information
The agency warns: “They are not official sources of election information and frequently cite incorrect information sources.”
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They → warn → sources
OpenAI and Google didn’t respond to requests for comments on Media Ecosystem’s report.
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OpenAI → respond → report
OpenAI spokesperson Nate Evans shared a May blog the company posted on its website outlining what technologies the company has partnered with to ensure its chatbot produces accurate information during votes.
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chatbot → share → votes
“This year is the world’s second major election year since generative AI became widely available, and we’re continuing to build on the foundation we laid in 2024 to help protect elections in countries and territories around the world,” the post said.
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post → become → world
The Media Ecosystem study also found an uptick in content about Alberta separation produced in other countries, including the United States.
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study → find → States
But there’s not enough evidence of foreign interference, Bridgman said.
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Bridgman → ’ → interference
The study says foreign actors are producing content largely for financial profit, and the millions and millions of views they get suggest they are cashing in.
Pro-separation influencers also dominate the online discourse, the study found, despite polls showing a large majority of Albertans would vote to remain in Canada.
Bridgman said it’s unclear why there are more pro-separation social media accounts than federalist accounts.
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it → say → accounts
“My attribution of this is generally because these (separatist) voices have not felt represented in more traditional media.”
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voices → feel → media
Many influencers are also using AI to generate content, the study found.
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study → use → content
University of Alberta political science professor Blair Attard-Frost said the increased use of AI in the separation debate is concerning.
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use → say → debate
The AI chair with Canadian Institute for Advanced Research said when search engines became popular in the early 2000s, so did information campaigns about media literacy.
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campaigns → say → literacy
With the advancement in AI, a new wave of media literacy needs to be implemented because of how big tech markets its search engines and services.
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tech → need → engines
“These are really deceptive products,” Attard-Frost said.
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Frost → say → ?
“They’re marketed as intelligent tools.”
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They → market → tools
She said she’ll be paying attention to how the current technologies might affect the referendum results and the future of Alberta’s separation movement.
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technologies → say → movement
“A lot of people could be getting incomplete, inaccurate, false or misleading information about the potential consequences of separatism, and using that information to make decisions about how to vote,” she said.
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she → get → decisions
Alberta Premier Danielle Smith, asked this week whether she’s concerned about AI-generated misinformation swaying votes, said her government has turned to traditional media to get out information.
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government → ask → information
It recently launched an ad campaign and mailed out booklets outlining and explaining the 10 referendum questions.
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It → launch → questions
The first nine ask if the government should have more authority to push for Constitutional reform and impose limitations and financial guardrails around some newcomers.
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government → ask → newcomers
“We are making sure that Albertans know exactly what the questions are and some of the context for them,” Smith said Monday.
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Smith → make → them
On Friday, Alberta Opposition NDP Leader Naheed Nenshi said anyone looking for misinformation should look no further than Smith’s United Conservative Party government.
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anyone → say → government
Nenshi pointed to the booklets that arrived at homes this week as an example of the government putting its thumb on the scale.
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government → point → scale
The booklet uses uncontextualized numbers and information to urge voters to give the government a mandate for the first nine questions, while it’s silent on the 10th
For example, said Nenshi, the booklet says temporary residents cost Alberta taxpayers $1 billion a year in health care and education.
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residents → use → care
It doesn’t say where the number comes from or that temporary workers, by definition, have to have a job to stay and must also pay taxes.
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workers → say → taxes
“For the first nine questions, (Smith) tells you how to vote,” Nenshi said.
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Nenshi → tell → you
…and 4 more, not listed.
The Aporia
