These giant, warehouse-like buildings power virtually all our internet activity, from our web searches and emails to movie downloads and online banking.
asserted
buildings → power → downloads
They are at the heart of the AI boom, housing the advanced computer chips and servers needed to run services like ChatGPT and Claude.
asserted
They → house → ChatGPT
But the speed at which they're growing, the enormous amount of electricity they consume and concerns about their environmental impact are fuelling a public backlash around the world.
asserted
they → grow → world
In the US, they've become a huge issue ahead of the midterm elections on 3 November, with both Republicans and opposition Democrats coming out against their development.
asserted
Republicans → become → development
It's putting opponents of data centre expansion on a collision course with US President Donald Trump, who has dismissed the pushback as a "sick conspiracy", even as public anger grows.
asserted
anger → put → conspiracy
Here's what you need to know about the data centre boom, and why opposition is growing.
asserted
opposition → need → boom
They are growing rapidly
There are about 12,250 data centres around the world, according to Data Center Map, external, a company that tracks both operational and pre-operational sites.
uncertain
that → grow → sites
That's up sharply from 2021, when there were around 8,000, external operational sites.
asserted
That → be → 2021
As the chart below shows, data centres are most densely clustered in the US which has 4,767 sites.
asserted
which → show → sites
It is followed by Europe, where the UK and Germany lead.
asserted
UK → follow → Europe
Data centres have typically been located near to cities where it's easier to access high voltage power lines or water resources for cooling.
asserted
it → locate → cooling
But as they get bigger, more are being built in rural areas.
asserted
more → get → areas
But when it comes to actual capacity, the US is ahead by a much larger margin, with China in second place and Europe lagging far behind.
asserted
Europe → come → place
This gap is set to widen in the coming years, leading some to warn Europe risks missing out on the potential economic benefits of the AI boom, external.
asserted
Europe → set → boom
They are getting bigger
Data centres vary wildly in size, ranging from ones that fit inside a garden shed to others covering vast expanses of land.
The world's largest operational data centre is widely reported to be one run by China Telecom in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, covering an area of approximately one million square metres (10.7 million sq ft).
asserted
centre → get → metres
However, much larger sites are under construction as the graphic below shows.
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graphic → show → construction
All these sites are being built exclusively to provide the immense computing power needed to run AI services.
asserted
sites → build → services
For instance, Colossus 2, which is part of the wider Colossus campus, will house hundreds of thousands of advanced AI chips made by tech giant Nvidia.
asserted
which → house → Nvidia
It will also be used to train xAI's chatbot Grok.
asserted
It → use → chatbot
Elon Musk's company will use 41 methane gas turbines to help power the site, which activists say could "significantly increase" local air pollution, external.
uncertain
activists → use → pollution
Local regulators say the turbines will meet air quality standards.
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turbines → say → standards
They use more electricity than France
The pressure data centres put on local resources has sparked increasing concern.
asserted
centres → use → concern
These facilities can use significant amounts of water to cool their systems, which could lead to water shortages, some experts say.
uncertain
experts → use → shortages
Data centres worldwide are also thought to consume more electricity than the whole of France, as the chart below shows.
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chart → think → France
This growing hunger for power is driving up carbon emissions, analysis shows, while putting pressure on local grids, which some fear could push up energy prices.
uncertain
which → grow → prices
With others worried about the noise data centres make and the space they take up, a public backlash is gathering steam.
asserted
backlash → worry → steam
Some 16 US states have proposed laws to ban or temporarily block new facilities, and it could be a key issue in November's midterm elections.
uncertain
it → propose → elections
Outside the US, opposition to data centres has emerged in countries like Mexico, France, Indonesia and the UK.
asserted
opposition → emerge → Mexico
But they can boost jobs
asserted
they → boost → jobs
But supporters say data centres are critical to national security, and the development of AI.
asserted
centres → say → AI
They also say they are good for the economy, external, attracting investment, generating tax revenue and creating jobs in areas like construction.
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they → say → construction
A recent report by the Brookings Center, external suggests data centres do create local jobs, although fewer than industry advocates claim.
uncertain
advocates → suggest → jobs
The type of data centre matters too.
asserted
type → matter → centre
So-called hyperscale facilities - massive sites owned and run by tech giants like Amazon and Microsoft - have a bigger positive effect on jobs, it found.
asserted
it → call → jobs
But "colocation" facilities, which lease space to remote tenants without a local presence, brought fewer benefits.
asserted
which → lease → benefits
As the debate over their merits intensifies, the data centre rollout continues.
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rollout → intensify → merits
This year, the tech industry is expected to spend a combined $765bn, external ($544bn) on AI infrastructure in 2026, with this topping $1tn next year.
asserted
this → expect → 1tn
But as concerns about the environmental impact grow, the tech industry is exploring alternatives.
asserted
industry → grow → alternatives
One idea is to put data centres in space, external or on the Moon, where they could harness abundant solar energy.
uncertain
they → put → energy
Others predict that more AI processing could eventually be carried out by the hardware already inside our computers and smartphones, reducing the need for vast data centres altogether.
uncertain
processing → predict → centres
The Aporia
